Towards the Expression of Sex Hormone Receptors in the Human Vocal Fold

BACKGROUND: The human larynx is assumed to be a steroid receptor target organ. There are only very limited data on the evidence of steroid receptors in the vocal folds, although voice alterations due to hormonal influence and treatment have been found. GOAL OF THE STUDY: To investigate the expression of estrogen alpha, progesterone, and androgen receptors in human vocal folds (vocalis muscle, glands, lamina propria, epithelium). METHODS: Immunohistochemically, vocal fold cadaver specimens of 15 autopsied patients (6 women, 9 men), which were taken approximately 4 to 8 hours postmortem were investigated. Furthermore, one (male) vocal fold biopsy obtained intraoperatively during a laryngectomy was tested. RESULTS: No specific immunohistochemical staining for the different types of steroid hormones investigated could be observed in either the postmortem taken biopsies nor the intraoperatively one. However, several unspecific staining patterns could be observed. CONCLUSION: The results of this study contradict recently published data and question the expression of sex hormone receptors in the vocal folds. Main causes of false interpretations of unspecific staining are discussed.     

Evaluation of numerical strategies for large eddy simulation of particulate two-phase recirculating flows

Predicting particle dispersion in recirculating two-phase flows is a key issue for reacting flows and a potential application of large eddy simulation (LES) methods. In this study, Euler/Euler and Euler/Lagrange LES approaches are compared in the bluff body configuration from Borée et al. [J. Borée, T. Ishima, I. Flour, The effect of mass loading and inter-particle collisions on the development of the polydispersed two-phase flow downstream of a confined bluff body, J. Fluid Mech. 443 (2001) 129–165] where glass beads are injected into a complex recirculating flow. These tests are performed for non-reacting, non-evaporating sprays but are mandatory validations before computing realistic combustion chambers. Two different codes (one explicit and compressible and the other implicit and incompressible) are also tested on the same configuration. Results show that the gas flow is well predicted by both codes. The dispersed phase is also well predicted by both codes but the Lagrangian approach predicts root-mean-square values more accurately than the Eulerian approach. The effects of mesh, solvers and numerical schemes are discussed for each method.     

Anwendung des “Startlinienverfahrens” auf die Gas-chromatographie

Zusammenfassung Das Prinzip, vor Durchführung eines (Papier-) Chromatogrammes Verbindungen durch Umsetzung ihrer funktionellen Gruppen selektiv im vorliegenden Gemisch zu verändern und dann ohne Reinigungsoperationen zu chromatographieren, läßt sich auch in der Gas-chromatographie benutzen. In einem Gemisch aus Alkoholen, Estern und Acetalen können sauer die Acetale selektiv gespalten werden, alkalisch die Ester. Die Spaltstücke treten neben den nicht angegriffenen Bestandteilen des Gemisches im Gas-chromatogramm auf.Herrn Prof. Dr.Erich Hayek zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet.Vgl. DissertationEleonore Fiedler, Universität Wien (1961).     

Synthesen von 2-Anilinocyclopentanonen

The syntheses of the 2-anilinocyclopentanones2 a–2 e in yields about 50% by reaction of 2-chlorocyclopentanone with 4-chloroaniline, N-methyl-4-chloroaniline, ,,-trifluoro-3-toluidine, N-methyl-,,-trifluoro-3-toluidine and 3,4,5-trimethoxyaniline, are described.